BOLIVIAN REVOLUTION

BOLIVIAN REVOLUTION – BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY FINAL

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Bolivian Revolution – Bibliographic Essay Final

The Bolivian people, under the influence of miners whose sector dominates in the country, ganged up against the military junta which had been created to avert the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR), a party that had emerged the victor in a just concluded elections, from taking leadership of the country. The miners’ militia while engaging in the incident that happened between April 9 and April 11 of 1952 overpowered the army and the leader of mining in the country (Juan Oquendo) and Hernan Zuazo of MNR assumed power until the leader of MNR (Victor Estenssoro) returned to the country.[1] The Central Obrera Boliviana (COB) was formed soon thereafter, dominated by miners, to which small business people and popular sectors of the region became part. The outcomes of the revolution were apparent. Mining became nationalized after management was taken over from the bourgeois, but the economy did not pick up as anticipated because the MNR leadership upheld the capitalist structure and did away with the revolutionary process. It is believed that the opposition of the colonial effects and practices, with the triumph of the Chinese revolution in 1949 served as the basis under which the revolution in Bolivia occurred. The incident in Bolivia happened at a time when other nationalist regimes in Latin America were resisting U.S. imperialism. The study is a bibliographic essay about the Bolivian Revolution and falls into four major categories; impact, leadership, culture, and ideologies. The bibliographic essay provides valuable information about what various scholars have written about the revolution, especially with regard to the identified themes. Referring to the sources provides a holistic view of the Bolivian National Revolution that impacted on various aspects in Bolivia and outside the country.

Impact

Bibliographic Citation One

Siekmeier, James. The Bolivian Revolution and the United States, 1952 to the Present. University Park: Penn State Press, 2011.

Background of the Authors

James Siekmeier is a renowned scholar and author who currently serves at the West Virginia University as an Assistant Professor of history. In addition to The Bolivian Revolution and the United States, 1952 to the Present, Siekmeier has authored various other books and journal articles that address different topics, especially in the fields of history and international relations (IR). His mastery and prolific approach to writing makes this work and others interesting to read as well as more informative. Furthermore, being an acknowledged author instills confidence that the source is reliable and its contents give truthful information.

Scope of the Text

The book recounts how Bolivians, after the 1952 Revolution, embarked on building the country, especially through its ties with the U.S. The incident came at a time when the U.S. had embarked on nation-building initiatives in the Third World utilizing an economic model it has formed with the Marshall Plan to help foster development in Western Europe. The text shows that Bolivia’s partnership with the U.S. fostered many changes in the country most of which impacted positively on Bolivians. Thus, the book serves as a suitable sources for understanding the possible impacts on the Revolution.

Main Argument

The main argument in the paper is that the Bolivian revolution resulted in significant changes in agricultural practices with the overall agrarian system experiencing much development. The event according to Siekmeier resulted in significant transformations in the rural land structure and the bringing down of capitalist landowners who denied many people the opportunity to own land and indulge in productive agricultural practices.[2] The Bolivian land reforms that could be directly attributed to the events of the 1952 Revolution improved food security in the country and provided working opportunities for many people.

Intended Audience

The author seeks to reach different audiences with his publication. The author aims at those who want to understand what transpired during the Bolivian Revolution and how Bolivia’s partnership with the U.S. impacted on both countries. Those who fall in this group comprise of learners, educators, historians, and researchers who may be interested in learning what transpired during the uprising. The author deploys techniques that he thinks will attract the audience, including being analytical and addressing each aspect with the detail it deserves.

Research Methods

Siekmeier uses the qualitative research method to compile and give his report on the subject. The method entails examining non-numerical data and does not compel the author to utilize statistical tools and techniques to analyze collected data. Consequently, it is easier to employ the qualitative technique as opposed to the quantitative research method where the researcher must use sophisticated techniques to gather and analyze data.

Conclusions

The author concludes that the Bolivian Revolution of 1952 had significant impact on the country. One of the main changes that happened following the war was changes in agricultural practices that was boosted with Bolivia joining forces with the U.S. The author uses the conclusion to urge readers to examine the case of Bolivia keenly to acquire as much information as possible. Moreover, Siekmeier use the conclusion to urge future researchers to make improvements on his findings to provide more insight into the subject.

Bibliographic Citation Two

Symmes, Weymouth. “Elite induced change in the Bolivian national revolution, 1952 – 1964.” Accessed November 5, 2021, https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3227&context=etd

Background of the Authors

Born on October 11, 1912 in the U.S. Symmes developed his passion as a writer as a young person. He embarked in his writing ambitions soon after completing college and soon his works were attracting the attention of many readers in the U.S. and other parts of the world. The work in this case is very important because besides being produced at a time when the Revolution was happening the author was alive and had already ventured into writing at the time the uprising was taking place. Hence, referring to the source gives valuable information about what transpired during the period.

Scope of the Text

The author examines the roles of the elites in Bolivia who had much influence during the entire revolutionary process which commenced in 1952. The primary objective of the study is on policy and decision makers. Furthermore, the author examines the decision-making processes in transforming the objectives of the revolutionary process into law. In addition, the scope of the research begins from the Chaco War (1932-36) to the end of the dominance by the MNR in 1964. However, the chief focus of the article on the twelve years MNR assumed power.

Main Arguments

Reading the text provides valuable information about the potential impact of the Revolution on Bolivia and its people. According to the author, the ascension of the MNR into power was the most evident effect of the Revolution. MNR’s ascension to power came after prolonged confrontations among different leading groups, which had causes stalemate in the country for many years.[3] MNR took the opportunity to empower those who supported it, mainly peasants and workers.

Intended Audience

The author’s intended audience are those who want to understand the events that led MNR to assume leadership in Bolivia after the Revolution. The audience through the provided information can claim confidently that those advocating for MNR’s leadership were committed to see that the political party ascends to power to represent their needs that were avoided for many years.

Research Methods

The technique of the study fused analysis of decision-making and elite to allow the author to follow on the effects of decisions adopted during the Revolution that fostered significant changes in the country. The research method is effective because it provides an opportunity to acquire a wider perspective of the topic. Moreover, the adopted technique makes it possible to gain a wider view of the author’s views on the topic compared to the information he gathers from various sources.

Conclusions

The conclusion is an overview of what the authors describe in the article. They emphasize how various groups were dedicated to ensure MNR assumes power to overcome the influence of elites who had deprived common citizens of their rights and privileges. Reading the conclusion alone offers clear view of the entire report.

Bibliographic Citation Three

Robles, Gustavo and Herbert Klein. “The National Revolution of 1952 and its impacts on the Central Bank of Bolivia.” Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, vol. 2, no. 1-2, 2006, pp. 33-93.

Background of the Authors

Gustavo Robles and Herbert Klein are renowned writers who have gained much fame through their other works other than the identified source in this case. Both have much awareness in the field of finance, which allowed them to explore the financial effects of the Bolivian Revolution on financial institutions during and after the uprising. Their working together presented a suitable chance to create an informative and well-structured paper.

Scope of the Text

The article falls into four main parts. It begins with an analysis of the Law of reorganization of the Central Bank created in 1945, which was formulated as a legal structure for restrained credit regulations and fiscal strictness enacted in 1944 during the leadership of Gualberto Villarroe. The second part describes the potential impact of the 1952 Revolution while part three examines the internal and external factors that contributed towards the Revolution. The fourth and final part examines Bolivia’s response to the war a few years after it lapsed.

Main Arguments

The authors contend that the incidents in the 1950s, especially the Revolution played key roles in impacting on the ideologies of Bolivians, both leaders and citizens. The article informs how the war affected the financial situation in Bolivia, which informed people about the importance of enacting measures that would protect financial institutions or facilitate recovery following the emergence of such incidences.[4] Another main argument that may have impacted on the ideology of Bolivians is financial and political policies are essential in determining how fast and effective a country picks up after experiencing turmoil as it happened in Bolivia.

Intended Audience

The intended audience for this article are people who want to understand the potential impact of the Revolution on monetary structures in Bolivia and how emerging changes influenced financial structures in the country. In addition, the authors intend to reach out to audiences who want to understand how the existence of non-existence of policies may determine how a country recovers from the effects of an uprising such as the one witnessed in Bolivia.

Research Methods

The authors deploys the qualitative research method to gather data and report findings that may be relevant to the target audience. Nonetheless, Robles and Herbert do not utilize common forms such as interviews, observations, and focus groups associated with qualitative research techniques and instead chooses to examine the scholarly works of others and use the information to compose the article. The selected research method allows the audience to follow keenly the provided information that flows systematically.

Conclusions

The conclusion is a recapitulation of what the authors discuss in the article. They emphasize that financial administrators showed their dedicated commitment of the government with financial stability following the triumph of the revolt witnessed in 1952. The conclusion part refers to the U.S. and how their contribution helped Bolivia formulate robust financial policies that prevented the country from experiencing severe monetary constraints that could plunge the country into untold misery. More fundamentally, the conclusion part helps to understand how the ideology of Bolivians changed about financial policies after the 1952 incident.

Leadership

Bibliographic Citation One  

Zunes, Stephen. “The United States and Bolivia: The Taming of a Revolution, 1952-1957.” Latin American Perspectives, vol. 28, no. 5, 2001, pp. 33-49.

Background of the Author

Stephen Zunes is the chair of the Peace and Justice Studies Program at the University of San Francisco and also an associate professor of politics at the institution of higher learning. He has great mastery in Latin American politics as well as in revolutionary movements and because of this he coaches learners in these areas at the newly formed School of Latin American Studies. He is a prolific author as well. Some of his books that have attracted global attention, including praises and criticism, include Western Sahara: War, Nationalism and Conflict Irresolution (2010) and Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective (1999).

Scope of the Text

The study shows how in the mid-1950s, while officials in the U.S. were planning conquer a nationalist state in Geatemala, a very dissimilar policy was forming towards the MNR that ruled Bolivia. The paper illustrates how the U.S. welcomed the likelihood that the nation needed some radical changes that might counter the interest of elites with which it had formed good relationship. However, it emerges in Zunes’ work that even though MNR leaders tried to counter U.S.’s intervention in the first place America’s intervention in the country’s affairs during the uprising was instrumental in forming policies and leadership structures.

Main Arguments

The author raises various main arguments that help to understand the influence of leadership during the Revolution. The first argument is that America’s indulgence during the confrontation provided clear leadership guidelines that helped to manage the war and leadership structures post-war. Zunes writes that “While the Bolivian revolution has been a subject of pronounced attention for Latin American scholars, one of its most stimulating and often ignored aspects is the role of the U.S. in determining the progress of the revolution.”[5] The other main argument in the article is that the effective leadership of the MNR that was willing to work with the Americans helped to secure power.

Intended Audience

It is apparent that the author targets audiences who want to understand how the U.S. partnered with Bolivia to structure internal policies despite Bolivia’s initial slow response to U.S.’s indulgence. The audience learns that U.S.’s indulgence in the affairs of Bolivia during the leadership of Dwight Eisenhower served as a turning point in the way Bolivia handled its internal affairs, especially with regard to reviving the economy. The author in this case targets various groups including researcher, tutors, and learners.

Research Methods

The author performs a systematic literature review that helps to understand what various authors report about the topic. The systematic literature review approach presents various benefits. It offers a comprehensive and clear overview of existing evidence on a particular concept. Furthermore, the selected research method helps to recognize research gap’s in the author’s understanding of the subject and use the information to make relevant adjustments.

Conclusions

The author concludes by stating that the U.S. policy towards Bolivia in many ways emerged to be a contemporary approach toward the Latin American country in this era of globalization. The author reiterates that the U.S. helped Bolivia get over the effects of the Revolution that threatened the economy of the country.

Bibliographic Citation Two

Kohl, James. “Peasant and Revolution in Bolivia, April 9, 1952–August 2, 1953.” Hispanic American Historical Review, 1978, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 238–259.

Background of the Author

James Kohl has published many books on different topic and based on this information it is apparent that he is a competent writer.  He is an independent scholar from the U.S.

Scope of the Text

The article illustrates how even though social revolutions are uncommon incidences, they play fundamental functions in advocating for social change. The paper examines how revolutions in Bolivia, Mexico, and Cuba helped to transform the social, economic, and political contexts in each of these countries.

Main Arguments
The author argues that it is possible to conduct successful revolutionary exercises through effective leadership and guidance. The author attributes the success of the Bolivian Revolution to the leadership MNR leaders provided throughout the uprising.[6]

Intended Audience

The author targets those who wants to acquire a detailed overview of the Bolivian Revolution, especially with regard to how proper leadership and support helped MNR to assume power.

Research Methods

The paper is a systematic literature review of existing works that give various perceptions regarding the Revolution and other related concepts.

Conclusions

The conclusion provides an overview of the entire paper, including the significance of adequate stewardship when engaging in activities such as revolutions.

Bibliographic Citation Three

Lehman, Kenneth. “Completing the Revolution? The United States and Bolivia’s Long Revolution.” Bolivian Studies Journal, vol. 22, 2016, pp. 4-53.

Background of the Authors

The author has received numerous accolades for his outstanding works in different fields. His experience in the field of history enables him to create works that have immense impact on the audience.

Scope of the Text

The author performs a critical analysis of James Malloy’s work, Bolivia: The Uncompleted Revolution (1970) that he terms the most systematic analytical examination aimed at understanding the 1952 uprising in Bolivia.

Main Arguments

The author argues that the Revolution can be perceived as a response to the situation instigated by derailed economic developed partly contributed by incompetent regimes.[7] Thus, according to the author, good leadership contributes significantly towards economic growth.

Intended Audience

The author targets audiences who aim at understanding how leadership roles played during the uprising and how this contributed towards MNR’s ascension into power.

Research Methods

The author deploys the qualitative research method to collect data and give information that the audience may require to understand what transpired during the Revolution. The technique allows the author to present numerous information using non-numerical approaches.

Conclusions

The conclusion is a summary of how various leaders ensured that they safeguard their interests during the uprising and how this helped to create an enabling environment for victory.

Culture

Bibliographic Citation One

Malloy, James and Richard Thorn. Beyond the Revolution: Bolivia Since 1952. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971.

Background of the Authors

Malloy and Thorn are widely acknowledged authors whose works continue to impact significantly on many readers across the globe. Malloy who has authored various books such as Revolution and Reaction: Bolivia, 1964-1985 (1988) and Bolivia: The Uncompleted Revolution (1970) among others has great mastery in the fields of finance and economics and his interest in history compel him to write historical books. Richard Thorn, on the other hand, is equally influential, especially through his published works. He served as the University of West London as the Head of Computer and Engineering and held similar positions in other universities.

Scope of the Text

The book offers a correct and suitable guideline to how the Revolution in Bolivia came to happen, what was accomplished, and some of the issues that still require considerable attention. The text identifies the Bolivian Revolution as a significant happening in the history of Latin America together with the Mexican and Cuban revolutions. The book that begins with forceful claims and bring into one volume different authoritative papers that examine the revolution adequately, as series of processes rather than a single incident provides much information that may help to understand how the Revolution transpired and their effects.

Main Arguments

Malloy and Thorn provide information in their book that may help to understand the impact of the National Revolution to the culture of the Bolivian people. The authors describe how the incident adjusted the culture, politics, and life of Bolivia, especially in the way people perceive leadership. Malloy and Thorn argue that more people became conscious on the need to be patient when approaching or engaging in political actions that revolve around leadership and could spark controversy if leaders and the electorate do not practice caution.[8]

Intended Audience

The authors through their book target audiences who want to acquire an in-depth understanding of the Bolivian Revolution and how it impacted on the country’s culture. The audience learns that the events that happened systematically were instrumental in changing people’s perception regarding how to approach politics that result in changes in leadership structure. Nonetheless, the authors do not target any specific group because the information may be suitable to different groups of people who want to understand the influence of the Revolution on Bolivian culture.

Research Methods

The authors include various essays that address similar issues concerning the Bolivian Revolution and examines each of them very carefully as their research method. The technique makes it possible to acquire a diversified perception regarding the incident that had a significant impact on Bolivians.

Conclusions

The authors conclude by reminding leaders and members of the public the importance of approaching sensitive political activities with caution to prevent potential uprisings such as it happened in Bolivia. According to the conclusion remarks, other than impacting on local culture (either positively or negatively), political events, especially those aimed at finding a national leader may have long-lasting impact, which makes it necessary to practice caution when indulging in them.

Bibliographic Citation Two

LIT-CI. “The 1952 Bolivian Revolution.” https://litci.org/en/the-1952-bolivian-revolution/

Background of the Authors

LIT-CI is a type of Leninist international group that safeguard a socialist and revolutionary program, which encompasses groups that function in different states on the basis of a socialist and employee’s plan. LIT-CI’s strategic plan is to reestablish the Fourth Foundation, initiated by Leon Trotskey in the late 1930s, as it regards it an imperative tool for the championing for the World Socialist Revolution. The website generates articles on different topics and posts them in real time. The group has served for many years without any major criticism, which makes it a reliable avenue.

Scope of the Text

The article provides a detailed overview of the Revolution, which helps to understand how the uprising started and its consequences after it came to an end. It illustrates how the unrelenting MNR marshalled its supported to stand up against the reigning government that was unwilling to leave office even after losing in the elections. The article describes the confrontations between the militia and the military using much details that paint a clear image of the Revolution.

Main Arguments

The main argument in the article is that the war significantly transformed the culture of Bolivians, particularly after the country joined hands with the Americans. Soon after the partnership some forms of American culture entered the Bolivian society and impacted on people significantly. The Bolivians embraced some aspects of American language, food, and dressing, which could be attributed to the interactions developed due to the Revolution.[9] Furthermore, the article informs that Bolivians enacted more measures to improve their affiliation with the U.S. upon realizing that they could enrich their culture through the association.

Intended Audience

The author aspires to pass the message to readers who aim at understanding the happenings of the Bolivia Revolution, especially with regard to its influence on Bolivian culture. The author hopes that by posting the article online it will be possible to reach out to many people from different parts of the globe. Besides, the audience through the article acquires other relevant information about the uprising that can be useful in explaining what happened during the Revolution.

Research Methods

The author uses the case study approach to develop the article. The technique entails focusing on the Bolivian Revolution as the case under investigation. An advantage with the case study approach is that it allows the researcher to conduct the study and develop a report remotely. Another merit associated with the technique and which may have compelled the author to use it is that it is not costly to implement, and also makes information reachable to readers.

Conclusions

The conclusion by the author is basically a recap of what the article addresses. In addition to providing an overview of the case, the author uses the section to remind the audience the need to engage in practices that could prevent the potential occurrence of wars and confrontations as it happened in Bolivia. The author urges the government to be very keen with how it reacts to such uprisings to avoid escalating the problem further. Otherwise, the author is brief with the conclusion and does not give readers additional burden of reading the section after going through the whole article.

Bibliographic Citation Three

Andrade, Miguel. “50 Years Since the Banzer Coup in Bolivia.” World Socialist Web Site, September 30, 2021, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/09/30/banz-s30.html

Background of the Authors

Miguel Andrade works as a writer for the World Socialist Web Site and has published various works, particularly in the field of politics. Andrade has gained global prominence through her candidness and elaborate analysis of the concepts she tackles. Moreover, her boldness in addressing controversial stories has put her on the limelight as a courageous writer who is committed to express her ideas without any hindrance or setback.

Scope of the Text

The author focuses on the 1971 coup against Bolivia’s president Hugo Banzer Suarez (1926-2002) and relates the incident to the 1952 National Revolution. Banzer had assisted Rogelio Miranda to take power forcefully from Alfredo Ovando who had served as president before facing a similar fate when Bolivians stood up against his restrictive policies concerning various issues. The incident in 1971 was a reflection of the exhaustion of the unwelcomed reforms introduced by bourgeois nationalists during the 1952 uprising.

Main Arguments

The article describes how the Bolivian Revolution played fundamental in transforming how Bolivians relate with lowly placed individuals, socially and economically a culture that was not dominant prior to the revolt. The ascension of the MNR marked a vital transitioning point in Bolivian culture because all people, including peasants became highly influential in decision-making.[10] The opportunity gave Bolivians to express their ideas about different aspects and to indulge in civil practices without any fear of discrimination or alienation. Thus, Andrade considers the Revolution as a major impact on the culture of Bolivia.

Intended Audience

The author targets students, analysts, teachers, and other scholars through her article that deploys critical analysis of various incidences. The various target audiences get to learn how the incidences that commenced in 1971 related to the happenings in the 1950s. The audience through the information that emerges from the literacy work gains awareness that they may use to explain questions or ideas relating to these two historical events that continue to impact on Bolivians.

Research Methods

The authors embrace a descriptive approach that helps them to describe what transpired during the Revolution and how the events impacted on various aspects of the Bolivian society. The descriptive technique provides the opportunity to examine various aspects while paying attention to each element in the most effective manner. The approach allows the audience to gain a wider perception of the various issues and make connections on how they relate to each other.

Conclusions

The author uses the conclusion to review the key points in the article and to remind people the significance of practicing caution when indulging in practices that could cause unrest and political uprisings. Andrade in her conclusion remarks emphasize the need to engage the public and all other stakeholders in decision making to avoid incidents where some people rise against the government for feeling secluded and not engaged in deciding on key practices and incidents that could impact significantly on people.

Ideologies

Bibliographic Citation One

Faguet, Jean-Paul. “The Lessons of Bolivia.” Journal of Democracy, vol. 9, no. 4, 2018, pp. 89-101.

Background of the Authors

Jean-Paul Faguet serves at the London School of Economics, specifically in the Department of International Development and Government. He works as a professor of the political economy of development. He has authored many works with his Decentralization and Popular Democracy Governance from Below in Bolivia (2012) being one of his glorified works. His impressive approach to writing has earned him much fame and criticism as well.

Scope of the Text

The author seeks to illustrate how Bolivia has in the first 190 years of independence encountered numerous coups, but the incidence in 1952 changed many things in different ways that impacted on people’s ideologies. Fauget explains that after 1953 the politics of Bolivia dwelt along a left-right axis associated with the 20^th century, with capital on one side and peasants and employees on the other side.[11] However, the Revolution in 1952 changed an oligarchic political structure and broadened full access to education and citizen rights.

Main Arguments

The arguments in the text provides valuable information concerning how the Bolivian Revolution may have impacted on the ideologies of Bolivians in different aspects. First, people learned that it is their right to access vital services such as health, education, and employment opportunities. The incident in 1952 also changed people’s perceptions about their rights of indulging in decision-making in political affairs.[12] Thus, Faguet claims that the Revolution contributed towards ideological changes because more citizens became aware of their rights and freedoms and got the opportunity to advance their welfare and well-being.

Intended Audience

The author through the article targets audiences who are interested in understanding the effects of the Bolivian Revolution on Bolivians. Various scholars have come up with works that examine the issue from a critical perspective and each of these attract readers depending on how critically they address the matters that they investigate. Faguet in his case chooses to give a detailed description of the various aspects that he examines in the article, which allows readers to get a clear and wider perception of the issues that he discusses.

Research Methods

The author conducts a systematic literature review that allows him to seek information from various secondary sources. Performing the review allows the author to get the views and perceptions of different scholars who conduct researches concerning the incidences in Bolivia that contributed to a change in the perception of local citizens and leaders. Moreover, readers get an opportunity to get a broader perception of the topic by getting to interact with the content that draws information from various scholars.

Conclusion

The conclusion provides an overview of the impact and lessons of the Bolivian Revolution on people, particularly in Bolivia and the U.S. that had particular interests on the happenings in the Latin American country. The author reminds the audience that the Revolution marked a significant transitioning point in the history of Bolivia because it was during this time that people accepted that people deserve an opportunity to contribute towards the affairs of their country despite their socioeconomic status.

Bibliographic Citation Two

Knudson, Jerry. “The Press and the Bolivian National Revolution.” Journalism Monographs, no. 31, 1973, pp. 1-50.

Background of the Authors

Knudson has written many books and articles, especially in the field of history that address various topics. Some of his renowned publications include, Roots of Revolution, Bolivia: Press and Revolution, 1932-64, and Jefferson and the Press: Crucible of Liberty (2006) among others. In addition to books and articles, Knudson is a great blogger who attracts many audiences online with his captivating works. He has served in various areas, including but not limited to Kentucky University, Doherty Foundation, Tinker Foundation, and the Ford Foundation among others. The author’s outstanding performance as an author and historian makes his work appealing for this research.

Scope of the Text

The article shows that the field of journalism that had made significant strides in Bolivia at the time the Revolution emerged served critical functions in passing messages and getting people to take action. It shows how leaders, especially from the MNR facilitated through the press, the realization of the goals for which the group was fighting. In other words, the article explains how various groups tried to enlist the assistance of the press for the ongoing uprising.

Main Arguments

The author contends that the Bolivian Revolution changed people’s perceptions and ideologies concerning using press as a propaganda avenue or weapon to advocate for socioeconomic change. According to the author, social uprisings, which often utilize the press as a tool for presenting needs have not been widely utilized in Latin America regardless of the evident social imbalance in the region. However, the 1952 Revolution in Bolivia revived people’s awareness in this area.[13] Such techniques according to Knudson also generated positive results in Mexico and Cuba where similar uprisings occurred in 1910 and 1959, respectively.

Intended Audience

The authors target researchers and scholars who want to acquire more information about the Bolivia Revolution and how the press served a vital role in transmitting information. The author through the article provides valuable information that researchers can use to make their studies and findings more informative. Scholars, on the other hand, acquire information that they can use to enlighten others and help them understand what transpired during the Revolution and how the event changed people’s ideologies.

Research Methods

Knudson performs a qualitative research by retrieving information from various sources to develop the report. Using secondary sources allows the author to compare and contrast information and give audiences a wider perception of the subject under investigation. Besides, using secondary sources allows the author to give his view to the matter after examining what others present and comparing them with his perception. Overall, the adopted technique serves vital roles in transmitting the message without any impediments.

Conclusions

Knudson in concluding the paper states that the National Revolution of Bolivia, propagated and led by propagandists who knew what they were doing deployed literature, journalism, and crafts as effectively as possible, which facilitated communication and transmission of ideas. The various forms of journalism according to Knudson played fundamental functions in awakening the country from despair and stagnation. The conclusion indicates how using the press helped to achieve a better social order, whether through democratic forms propelled by the MNR or through socialism that was associated with Juan Torre’s leadership.

Bibliographic Citation Three

Hines, Sarah. “Social Revolution in Bolivia.” ISR, 2007. Accessed November 5, 2021, https://isreview.org/issue/60/social-revolution-bolivia/index.html

Background of the Authors

Hines is an independent author and researcher whose works on different topics has earned her fame and glory not only in her hometown but also in other places of the world.

Scope of the Text

The primary attention of the article is to examine the attempts to improve the economy of Bolivia after the Revolution and to examine how people were committed to achieve the goal.

Main Arguments

Soon after the war ended, Bolivians embarked on initiatives that would improve the economic situation that had deteriorated in the previous years. Thus, Bolivians became aware that forming trade ties and enacting structures that foster economic recovery will put the country in the right path.[14]

Intended Audience

The author targets those who want to understand the socioeconomic effects of the Revolution on Bolivians.  

Research Methods

The author uses the case study approach by dwelling the report of the Bolivians Revolution. It is as if the author is making reference to the incident and making inferences based on her views and analysis.

Conclusions

The author concludes by showing how the Revolution influenced the ideologies of local leaders and citizens significantly, particularly with regard to forming trade unions that help the country to stabilize economically.

Bibliography

Andrade, Miguel. “50 Years Since the Banzer Coup in Bolivia.” World Socialist Web Site, September 30, 2021. Accessed November 5, 2021, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/09/30/banz-s30.html

Faguet, Jean-Paul. “The Lessons of Bolivia.” Journal of Democracy, vol. 9, no. 4, 2018, pp. 89-101.  

Hines, Sarah. “Social Revolution in Bolivia.” ISR, 2007. Accessed November 5, 2021, https://isreview.org/issue/60/social-revolution-bolivia/index.html Kohl, James. “Peasant and Revolution in Bolivia, April 9, 1952–August 2, 1953.” Hispanic American Historical Review, 1978, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 238–259.

Knudson, Jerry. “The Press and the Bolivian National Revolution.” Journalism Monographs, no. 31, 1973, pp. 1-50.

Lehman, Kenneth. “Completing the Revolution? The United States and Bolivia’s Long Revolution.” Bolivian Studies Journal, vol. 22, 2016, pp. 4-53.

Malloy, James and Richard Thorn. Beyond the Revolution: Bolivia Since 1952. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971.

Robles, Gustavo and Herbert Klein. “The National Revolution of 1952 and its impacts on the Central Bank of Bolivia.” Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, vol. 2, no. 1-2, 2006, pp. 33-93.

Siekmeier, James. The Bolivian Revolution and the United States, 1952 to the Present. University Park: Penn State Press, 2011.

Symmes, Weymouth. “Elite induced change in the Bolivian national revolution, 1952 – 1964.” Accessed November 5, 2021, https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3227&context=etd 

Wolfsohn, Rei. “A Comparison of Bolivia’s 1952 Revolution and the Ascendancy of Evo Morales.” Accessed November 5, 2021, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352897531_A_Comparison_of_Bolivia%27s_1952_Revolution_and_the_Ascendancy_of_Evo_Morales_by_Rei_Wolfsohn

Zunes, Stephen. “The United States and Bolivia: The Taming of a Revolution, 1952-1957.” Latin American Perspectives, vol. 28, no. 5, 2001, pp. 33-49.

[2] Siekmeier, James. The Bolivian Revolution and the United States, 1952 to the Present (University Park: Penn State Press, 2011) p. 31

[3] Symmes, Weymouth. “Elite induced change in the Bolivian national revolution, 1952 – 1964.” Accessed November 5, 2021, https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=3227&context=etd

[4] Robles, Gustavo and Herbert Klein. “The National Revolution of 1952 and its impacts on the Central Bank of Bolivia (Revista de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales, vol. 2, no. 1-2, 2006), p. 41

[5] Zunes, Stephen. “The United States and Bolivia: The Taming of a Revolution, 1952-1957 (Latin American Perspectives, vol. 28, no. 5, 2001), p. 34

[6] Kohl, James. “Peasant and Revolution in Bolivia, April 9, 1952–August 2, 1953 (Hispanic American Historical Review, 1978, vol. 58, no. 2), p. 244.

[7] Lehman, Kenneth. “Completing the Revolution? The United States and Bolivia’s Long Revolution (Bolivian Studies Journal, vol. 22, 2016) p. 16

[8] Malloy, James and Richard Thorn. Beyond the Revolution: Bolivia Since 1952 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971) 17

[9] LIT-CI. “The 1952 Bolivian Revolution.” https://litci.org/en/the-1952-bolivian-revolution/

[10] Andrade, Miguel. “50 Years Since the Banzer Coup in Bolivia.” World Socialist Web Site, September 30, 2021, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2021/09/30/banz-s30.html

[11] Faguet, Jean-Paul. “The Lessons of Bolivia (Journal of Democracy, vol. 9, no. 4, 2018) p. 90

[12] Ibid, 93

[13] Knudson, Jerry. “The Press and the Bolivian National Revolution (Journalism Monographs, no. 31, 1973) p. 24.

[14] Hines, Sarah. “Social Revolution in Bolivia.” ISR, 2007. Accessed November 5, 2021, https://isreview.org/issue/60/social-revolution-bolivia/index.html